Did the Transcontinental Railroad connect the nation or divide it? Learners demonstrate their knowledge of the impact of the Transcontinental Railroad in a written assessment. The assessment also uses an original photo as a prompt for...

When Commodore Matthew Perry sailed to Japan and demonstrated American naval strength, he forced the empire to engage in trade with the United States. How did this new, strong-armed relationship influence both parties? Pupils consider...

Long before the term fake news, media outlets offered competing narratives of events at the time. Looking at newspaper reports from the Battle of Vicksburg, class members consider two different versions of the strategic siege—one...

The Chinese Exclusion Act was the first race-based restriction on immigration in American history. Why was the act passed after Chinese immigrants helped build the Transcontinental Railroad? A series of documents, including speeches and...

Most have never heard of Juana Briones, the incredible woman who came to own property and divorce her husband in 1850s California. Yet, her relatively unknown life reflects the historical dynamics of the American West, particularly those...

One of the first photographed images of the Civil War give historians a glimpse of the realities of war. By viewing images from the war—including pictures of those killed in the bloodiest battles—learners experience the war's impact...

The California Gold Rush rewrote the history of the American West, but especially that of San Francisco. After analyzing images of the city and primary sources, such as a diary entry, scholars discuss these changes. Scaffolded questions...

What was California like before the Spanish came? Class members discover the answer to the question using images of Native Americans and diaries of the early Spanish explorers. Scaffolded activities allow instructors to adapt the...

If you could write your own history textbook, what would you include? Learners play the role of textbook writers by examining evidence of the Inca Empire. With primary sources from Spanish and indigenous perspectives, as well as images,...

King Philip's War was the crescendo of a violent period between the Pequot and English colonists. Using documents from English settlers, including a contemporary report on the conflict, learners explore the little-known period. They then...

This resource features information on notes, rests and many, many other basic music theory examples.

This article takes readers through the events leading to the expansion of the Civil Rights Movement to the north through a major non-violent campaign protesting unfair housing practices in Chicago.

Good summary of Frege's thought. Some sections are more technical, but the explanation of his philosophy of language and other sections are more readable.

Describes the recent movement known as "informal logic." Summarizes its brief history, provides several detailed examples, and explains its relationship to philosophy. Bibliography included.

This report from the Stanford History Education Group describes the conclusions of their work in field testing a set of assessments of civic online reasoning by young people from the middle school to the college level. Middle school...

Encyclopedia entry examines the Albany Movement, a desegregation coalition formed in Albany, Ga. in 1961 with the purpose of ending all forms of racial segregation in the city.

Encyclopedia entry explores the involvement of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) in America's civil rights struggle throughout the late 1950s and into the mid-1960s.

Discussion of one of the last major interracial civil rights efforts of the 1960s to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi.

Explains the logical theory of "many-valued logic," a modern alternative to classic logic. Sections address its history, notation and proofs, and applications to linguistics, mathematics, philosophy, and artificial intelligence. For the...

Discusses the topic of relevance (or relevant) logics. Presents the theory and applications of relevance logic, which attempts to resolve "fallacies of relevance."

This site from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy discusses the logical theory of true contradictions, known as paraconsistent logic. Article addresses the history of the theory's development and a technical presentation of its...

Describes the notion of "dialetheism," the logical theory of true contradictions. Explains its history of development, its philosophical consequences, and its significance for rationality. Excellent bibliography.

This site from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy discusses Bertrand Russell's notion of "logical construction" and its influence in the development of logical positivism. Mostly historical in orientation and is accessible to those...

A terrific introduction from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy to the conventions of notation and form in logic, and indeed to logical philosophy in general. Discusses the logical semantics of propositions, description, analysis,...